‘It always sounds so cheap when you speak of large numbers killed,’ the lady said. ‘Try to think of each one of those lives. My story is just one part of a much bigger picture.’
Below the stage in rapt silence, a packed hall of Year 9 girls at Parliament Hill School have gathered to hear that story.
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The lady’s name is Freda Wineman. She has six grandchildren, two great-grandchildren and this year is celebrating her 90th birthday. However this is not the legacy she has come to talk about today. ‘I will not tell my story in bitterness, but it took me 50 years to share my feelings with others,’ she explained in her distinct French accent.
It did not take her audience long to discover why.
Freda’s childhood was comfortable and happy. In 1938, she moved with her Rabbi father, mother and three brothers to the pretty town of Sarreguemines, close to the German border. Even when war was declared with Germany, domestic life continued as normal.
‘My father had the highest respect for the French Army.’ He told her the war would be short. Then in July 1940, when she was just 16 years old, the German Army attacked north-west France and the family fled south. They had no money, no car and in the panic her father had forgotten their valuables. Along the way, the civilian convoys they travelled in were bombarded by the German planes.
When they reached Vichy France – the southern region the Germans allowed to remain under French control – her father hoped they would be safe. However, he quickly discovered that Jews were not welcome there: ‘Jews lost their livelihoods in Free France. The first people to be deported was the foreign Jews who had fled there from abroad.’
Meanwhile the French Jews were forced to go to the town hall to be identified and have their ration cards stamped. They were denied the same services as other French people and there was never enough food available. ‘We took it in turns to beg peasants for food in the mountains.’ Freda took the risky bicycle rides in the early morning to the villages to barter cutlery from the factory, where they worked, for potatoes. ‘If anyone asked me I had to say the bike wasn’t mine.’
Then the Jews in her town started being taken away by the Gestapo and the Milice, the notorious French militia which cooperated with the Nazis. Freda’s mother approached a convent to see if it would hide the family. Although the nuns agreed to help, the family were arrested before they could go into hiding.
They were sent to Drancy transit camp, a barracks with 800 Jewish detainees. The chief of the Gestapo told them: ‘Don’t try to escape or your whole family will be shot.’ This same man then asked Freda whether he could buy her typewriter off her. ‘I could never understand how his conscience was working. Years later, she discovered that the Gestapo officer, in his warped morality, had indeed paid for the typewriter found at her flat, at the same time as he sent hundreds of innocent people to their deaths.
Then it got even worse.
‘On 30th May, 1944, we were taken to Drancy Station and squashed into cattle trucks…with nothing to drink, no food. It was very hot and on the street there was all these gendarmes and with their guns.’
After three days they arrived at Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp and went through a selection process, where SS officers decided who was fit to work and who was to be exterminated. There were a number of prisoners surrounding the new arrivals who told the older women to take babies from the younger women. Freda’s mother took a baby from a young Dutch woman and was sent to one side with Freda’s brother Marcel. Freda followed her mother but was told to stand in the other line, as her mother would be looking after the children. That was last time Freda saw her mother.
Freda was taken with the other young women selected for work. She was disinfected and tattooed with the number A.7181 and became part of a work detail known as Kanada Kommando. This Kommando worked very close to the gas chambers, sorting the belongings of prisoners and those who had been sent to their deaths. Three of the girls who worked with her were caught smuggling clothes back into the camp and were immediately hanged for the offence. Freda and the other women from this group were then taken away and worked digging trenches in front of the crematoria until the Sonderkommando Revolt of October 1944.
In On 30th October 1944, Freda was taken from Auschwitz by cattle cart to Bergen Belsen, where she remained until February 1945. From there she was sent with 750 other women to Raghun, a satellite camp of the Ravensbruck concentration camp, where she worked in an aeroplane factory.
As the allies advanced, Freda was once again moved, this time to Theresienstadt, where she arrived on 20 April 1945 and remained until she was liberated by the Russian army on 9 May 1945.
Freda was then sent to hospital in Lyon to recover. ‘I was dying of typhus. When I was in the camp I had a little thin dress. In [hospital] I was given for the first time a plate with potatoes, meet and wine. But I could not eat it. Our stomachs had shrunk to nothing.’
She was given a chemical bath on arrival because her body was covered in skin lice.
It took a long time for her to come to terms with her ordeal. ‘Mentally we were very depressed. There was no councillor or psychologists. You had to find your own way out.’
She married and repatriated to England in 1950 and had two children. However, she struggled to escape the shadow of the past. Until 1988 she had terrible nightmares about horrors of the concentration camp. It was only when she recorded her story on tapes for the British Library did they stop.
After liberation, Freda learnt that her parents and her brother Marcel had been killed at Auschwitz. Her brothers David and Armand had both survived and she was repatriated to Lyons in June 1945 to be reunited with them. An estimated 77,000 French Jews were not so lucky. In total, 5. 7million Jews were killed in the Second World War.
Freda explained to the students that it was her hope that her story would be passed down by them to future generations as a challenge to those to try to whitewash the Nazis involvement.
‘They were terrible times. I sometimes wonder why it was my friends and family were made to suffer in this way. What matters now is that your children should understand what had happened. It could happen again. The world has become much more fragmented. The prospect of suffering is very great indeed. It is certain that if you do nothing and say nothing this let evil in. You should speak up for civilised behaviour. It is my prayer that through you and your grandchildren [history will live on.] There are still people who deny that it happened. It was not a mistake by an otherwise good government. It was pure evil. It is vital that this message is not diluted. We all need to understand this.’
Freda was speaking at Parliament Hill School to mark National Holocaust Memorial Day.
Question and Answer session:
How did they treat women in Auschwitz?
There was no difference. The quickest way to rid of the people the better. We only saw men rarely. We were held separately.
Did you ever think you would survive? Did you maintain hope?
I was 16 when the war started and 19 when I was deported. I had not had any life. I wanted to live. I needed something to hold on it. Something in me wanted to survive. Those that survived were not better or cleverer. They just slipped through the net. It was destiny.
Is there anything that happens today that brings back those memories?’
The good news is that I’m alive. When I see babies – right away it kicks in what I saw. They killed all those babies. When I see people looking down on other people, being intolerant, it hurts because there was not just Jews in there. There was 30,000 gypsies. They made them play musical instruments and then executed them. There were gays, and non-believers…
Where you aware of what was going on in Europe at the time?
We knew of the invasion of Normandy and we kept alive for four years and then deported a few months before the invasion.
Who do you blame more?
It was Nazi Germany. Hitler and the whole of Germany who followed him. I wonder with hindsight why we couldn’t see it coming. The French Army was poorly equipped and the British Army. He was already killing his own people in Germany.
How did you try to escape?
The train stopped when we were being bombarded. There was a guard in the train afraid for his life and he went off and I went under the train in the rails. Someone in the station far away saw me under the train. I was lucky to be flung back into the train.
The second time, [when the train was stopped and the detainees were too weak to move] I started to run towards the forest and a guard shouted stop or I will shoot. He was a good guard because he did not shoot first.